Brown Crab - Cancer Pagurus

Species Distribution
Commonly known as the edible crab, this species is found in a wide range of regions, including the North Sea, Irish Sea and the English Channel, with suitable habitats stretching as far south as the coast of Portugal (North Western IFCA, 2024).
Brown crabs are adaptable in their habitat choices, thriving in environments with both rock and sandy substrates where they seek shelter under large boulders or in crevices (North Western IFCA, 2024). They can be found in areas ranging from shallow sub-littoral zones to deeper offshore waters, reaching depths of over 100 metres (Marlin, 2024). As active predators, brown crabs primarily feed on live prey such as mussels, whelks and other crustaceans, whilst also scavenging off the ocean floor (The Wildlife Trusts, 2024).

 Moulting and breeding behaviours
Brown crabs are very productive, with average brood sizes between 0.25 to 3 million eggs per female (North Western IFCA, 2024). Mating occurs through copulation in spring and summer, shortly after the female has moulted (Brown & Bennett, 1980). After mating, females carry eggs under their abdomen in a state known as 'berried,' for 6 to 9 months.
During this time they do not feed and remain in pits dug into sediment or under rocks, meaning they are rarely caught in creel pots during this time. Larvae are then released in late spring or early summer (Thompson et al., 1995)

Species Abundance and Importance to Scotland
Brown crab is considered a data-limited species, meaning there is insufficient understanding of its population parameters. This challenge arises from the difficulty in determining the age of these animals, a common problem with species that undergo moulting. Consequently, conventional age-structured population assessments are not effective for crustacean stocks (Mesquita et al., 2016).
The waters surrounding the United Kingdom and Ireland provide an ideal habitat for brown crabs, making the UK the largest catcher of this species in the world. Between 2015 and 2019, these waters accounted for approximately 60% of the global brown crab catch. Following the UK, Ireland, Norway, and France also play significant roles in this industry (Hopkins, C.R. et al., 2024).
Scottish creel fisheries have a rich history rooted in tradition, focusing on a diverse range of species, including; brown crab, velvet crab and European lobster (Mesquita, 2020). The primary areas for brown crab fishing in Scotland include the Hebrides, Orkney, Sule, the East Coast, Papa and South Minch. Together, these regions have contributed to around 80% of the total brown crab catch in Scotland in recent years (Mesquita, 2020).
Between 2016 and 2022, Scottish vessels landed over 61,266 tonnes of edible crab, generating a significant profit (Scottish Fisheries Statistics, 2016-2022). While these figures are impressive, they represent only a fraction of a potential yield, as brown crab landings steadily declined during this period. Notably, in 2020, a reduction exceeding 30% in crab stocks was observed, as illustrated in Figure 3.

The future of the species in Scotland
Brown crabs are vital not only as a source of income for various Scottish communities, supporting industries such as restaurants and fishmongers, but also for their important contribution to ecosystem structure. Crab larvae make up a significant portion of plankton communities, serving as an essential food source for numerous other key species. Their overexploitation could lead to the collapse of entire food webs and result in a loss of biodiversity in British waters.
The future of the species remains uncertain as demand continues to drive larger annual catches with recent reports indicating continuously dwindling numbers in certain areas of Britain.
Much like the European lobster, From 12th May 2024, selected interim measures will be implemented in Scotland, such as the prohibition on landing of egg-bearing crab and lobster into Scotland. Alongside controls on creel fishing vessels of more than 12 metres overall with a track record of landing more than 200 tonnes of crab and / or lobster in any 12 month period since 2020 (Gov.Scot, 2024).