European Lobster (Homarus gammarus)

Species Distribution:
European lobster (fig. 1), also known as 'common lobster', can be found along every coastline of Scotland and the UK (The Wildlife Trusts, 2024). This species boasts a broad range, stretching from Scandinavia to North Africa (CEFAS, 2017). European lobsters are recognised for their strong territorial behaviour, often occupying shelters alone on the ocean floor (IFCA North West, 2024). They typically prefer hard substrates in shallow waters, ranging from the low tide mark to depths of up to 60 metres, where they establish holes, burrows or crevices (The Wildlife Trusts, n.d.). 

Conservation Status:
European lobster is currently classified as a species of Least Concern, owing to its extensive geographic range and abundance of suitable habitat (fig. 2). Although commercially exploited for food, the annual catch of this species indicates a steady increase in stocks over the past 30 years (Butler et al, 2011). Despite the IUCN species assessment of Least Concern, the most recent species review by Marine Scotland has raised significant concerns about unsustainable fishing levels, claiming that “European lobster stocks across the UK are being fully exploited and are at risk of collapse” (Scottish Wildlife Trust, 2019).

Importance In Scottish Waters:
In 2023, Scottish fisheries landed 1,000 tonnes of lobster at £14,413 per tonne, generating sales exceeding £14 million (Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2023). These species are vital to Scotland's economy, benfitting small fishing towns, local fishers and families, and related sectors such as fish markets and restaurants. European lobster is especially valuable to fishermen, with seasonal prices reaching up to £20 per kg at first sale - a figure likely to rise with increasing demand (Scottish Government, 2023).

In addition to their economic significance, European lobsters play a crucial role in British marine ecosystems, aiding with the transfer of energy and minerals throughout food webs (Scottish Wildlife Trust, 2019). Removal of key species such as these can destabilise ecosystems, contributing to unhealthy species-poor habitats and creating further implications for the fishing industry. 

Future of European Lobster in Scotland:
To prevent the collapse of European lobster stocks, the Scottish government has implemented interim measures starting from 12th May 2024, before further stock assessment takes place this year. These measures include controls on creel fishing vessels over 12 metres that have landed more than 200 tonnes of crab and/or lobster in any 12-month period since 2020. In addition to the continued prohibition of the landing of egg-bearing crab and lobster (Scottish Government, 2024). Additionally, the further establishment of hatcheries will be considered across the country, such as the Firth of Forth Lobster Hatchery, which has proven to be an effective strategy for restoring wild lobster populations (Scottish Government, 2024).