Special Protected Areas (SPAs)

SPAs are designations specifically for protecting bird species, particularly for endangered species or unique populations (NatureScot 2023). SPAs (and SACs) are part of the European ‘Natura 2000’ network of protected areas (Scottish Government, n.d.). In the UK, these sites are protected by the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994, and are most often also classified as SSSIs (JNCC, 2024; Scottish Government, n.d.)

162 SPAs can be found in Scotland, both onshore and offshore (NatureScot, 2023), including the Ythan Estuary, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch SPA in the East Grampian area (NatureScot, 2020).